HomeMy WebLinkAbout020720-04
COMMUNITY OUTREACH & ENGAGEMENT
“Effectively engaging and communicating with residents and businesses” is one of
the Town’s priorities. The constant evolution of social media and related platforms
has created a new paradigm within which local governments now operate. The Town
foresaw this trend and was among the first local governments of this size to hire a full
time Public Information Officer in 2010.
Over the past decade, the Town has sought to communicate and engage with
residents through a community outreach program that seeks to inform, educate and
inspire residents about the programs, projects and activities that take place in
Danville. The program seeks to engage and inform residents through print, digital,
media relations, and person to person contacts.
The Town’s Communications and Outreach efforts include:
1. Print Media
a. Quarterly “Live Locally” Newsletter - A printed 12-page newsletter which is
mailed to +/- 21,000 households and businesses in Danville.
b. Triannual Recreation Activity Guide - The Recreation, Arts and Community
Services Activity Guide is mailed three times each year to 26,000 residents in
Danville, Alamo, Blackhawk and unincorporated Danville.
c. Silver Streak Newsletter – A printed quarterly newsletter for seniors which is
mailed to +/- 7,500 households in Danville.
2. Digital Media
a. Town Website - The Town’s website features information about Town services,
current news and announcements, a community calendar, meeting agendas
and minutes, publications, press releases, and embedded social media content.
b. Danville Connect Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system -
Available on Google Play, the Apple App Store and on web browsers, Danville
Connect provides a centralized point of access for all Town information,
concerns and inquiries.
c. Public Meeting Video Streaming- Town Council and Planning Commission
meetings are video streamed in real time through the Town’s website.
2
d. Nixle- Nixle is used to provide police and public safety-related alerts to the
public on a variety of issues.
e. Facebook- The Town maintains three Facebook pages for General Information,
the Police Department and the Village Theatre & Art Gallery.
f. Facebook Live - Facebook Live is used to livestream information to the public.
g. Twitter - Twitter is used as a fast and reliable mode of communication when
the size and type of message are appropriate for this platform.
h. Instagram – The Town has three Instagram accounts. Instagram posts are
shared and reposted among the accounts to help build subscriber numbers and
expose existing users to other images and stories from the Town.
i. Nextdoor- Over 75% of Danville households are on Nextdoor. Through
creating a second account solely for the Danville Police Department, residents
are able to provide tips and information to the police department due to the
increased functionality.
j. LinkedIn - LinkedIn is used primarily for Business Outreach/Economic
Development and Human Resources purposes to provide information about
Town-sponsored business workshops, events and job postings.
3. News Media
For residents that continue to rely on news media for information, staff maintains
relationships with reporters who cover Danville and the region. In addition to media
press releases, staff regularly reach out to reporters with updates on Town activities
or suggestions on human interest or program-focused story ideas.
At the local level, DanvilleSanRamon.com continues to cover the San Ramon Valley,
including most Town Council meetings and sharing nearly all Town press releases
with the public. The Sentinel and the East Bay Times also continue to cover more
prominent news stories about Danville’s efforts. The Danville Patch continues to be a
popular news site at the local level.
4. In-Person Outreach
a. Town Council Office Hours at Farmers’ Market - The Town Council continues
to hold weekly office hours at the Saturday Danville Farmers’ Market engaging
in one-on-one conversations with residents, providing informational materials
and handouts and relaying requests that require further follow-up back to staff
through the Town Manager’s Office.
b. Coffee/Recess with the Cops – The Police Department holds Coffee with the
Cops events throughout the town to engage with a broad range of residents.
Police officers also visit one elementary or middle school per week throughout
the school year. These efforts allow law enforcement to connect with the
community in a friendly environment to build positive relationships with all
segments of the community.
3
While each of these efforts have succeeded in connecting with segments of the
community, current trends continue to further underscore a move away from
“personal” contact and engagement with residents toward increased dependence
upon “impersonal” communication – i.e. the use of social media to express views and
opinions which may sometimes be lacking in civility or factual accuracy. While
always respecting free speech rights, the Town attempts to manage and balance this
through having the PIO monitor various media platforms and as appropriate, weigh
in with answers to questions or correct factual information.
5. Public Meetings and Participation
Assisted by several commissions and boards, the Town Council continues to rely
upon public hearings as the heart of the local decision making and policy setting
process (local democracy in action). Several public meetings occur each month.
Agendas and information are provided in electronic form in advance of meetings and
in printed form at the meetings themselves. Though updated to provide electronic
information more readily through the Town’s website, this process follows the
traditional public input process used by local government– i.e. attend a meeting and
provide input or testimony preparatory to decision-making by an advisory or elected
body. Attendance at public meetings tends to be low, absent a contentious issue –
typically one where residents are concerned that a matter may have a direct or indirect
negative impact upon their perceived quality of life.
A question facing all local governments is whether or not there may be additional
steps that can be taken to more effectively promote and facilitate engagement with,
and participation in, the local decision-making process.
The annual workshop presents an opportunity to brainstorm ideas on what steps the
Town can take to promote greater participation and engagement in the local decision-
making process.
Attached to this paper is an ICMA article entitled “The Extent of Public Participation”.
The article identifies and describes a range of interactions that local governments can
have with their communities. Some interesting highlights: Close to 40% of City
Managers describe the “civic discourse” in their communities as “very’ or
“somewhat” polarized, strident and rude…” Given that the article dates to 2014, and
considering the current state of discourse nationwide, these numbers have almost
certainly worsened. Second, only 12% of those responding indicated a “high level of
participation” in their city’s engagement efforts. These results support what we’ve
seen locally.
Looking forward, the types of issues that the Town will be faced with regarding state
housing mandates present challenges and opportunities. Most recent experiences
with the 2014-22 Housing Element and 2030 General Plan underscore as much.
4
Brainstorming Exercise
Consider whether or not there are steps or actions that could be considered to improve
this process. How can the Town more effectively engage with residents both outside
of and through our own meetings?
Some Ideas:
• Expand the use of Open Town Hall to conduct online polling. Engagement on
subjects such as the skate park and Town Green Master Plan show that people
respond when prompted. This platform could be used to gather feedback on both
broad and specific questions – i.e. What do you love about Danville? Do you own
an electric car, if so, do you have a charger at home, where else do you charge?
What’s the most effective way for the Town to engage with you? Residents could
potentially be polled on a new question each month
• Expand the use of Social Media:
o Post full agendas to social media ahead of upcoming meetings. (The Town
currently posts about upcoming meetings and directs people to the website to
see the agendas.) Cut out the middle step and consider summarizing issues to
be discussed.
o Consider livestreaming meetings on social media.
o Redouble online efforts to get people to subscribe to the automated agendas so
they have a better handle on what items are on the horizon.
• Consider changes to current Town Council meeting format:
o Use a ‘mixer’ format and set aside 30 minutes prior to the meeting for residents
to come and meet/speak with the Council informally prior to the beginning of
the meeting.
o Augment in-person testimony at a public hearing with an Online Open House
consisting of a short informational video and input collecting survey (i.e.,
MTC’s approach to soliciting input on changes to the Express Lane Toll Policy).
o Invite residents to write in questions to the Town Council mailbox about issues
in town. During the next Council meeting, following the ‘Good of the Town’
the Mayor can read a question on camera, provide a live answer and recognize
the resident for taking part in the meeting.
• Bring printed meeting agendas for distribution at the Farmers Market.
• Consider having more informal, mixer style informational meetings to inform and
educate residents on various topics. Info sessions could even be livestreamed,
and residents could ask questions online.
• Consider conducting a series of “listening” sessions attended by the Town Council
and staff. Invite residents to attend and speak for 3-5 minutes about a concern,
something they like about Danville, something they think the Town needs, etc.
The purpose is not to respond but rather to simply hear what residents have to say
in a respectful and thoughtful way.
5
• As we look forward to the 2022-2030 Housing Element, consider holding
informational meetings similar to what the consultant did on the Parks, Recreation
and Arts Master Plan. If the Town is required to zone for x number of housing
units, get resident input on how they would do it. Consider using a facilitator
rather than having the Town Council or staff run meetings, with the goal of getting
people to think about how to achieve this without responding to a specific
proposal.
These are just a few ideas to get the ball rolling. Councilmembers are asked to consider
the degree to which they are satisfied with the current level of citizen engagement
occurring at Town Council and Commission meetings; and be prepared to brainstorm
and consider other ways to increase and improve citizen engagement.
Attachment: A - The Extent of Public Participation, Public Management Magazine
March 2014
icma.org/pm MARCH 2014 | PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 76 PUBLIC MANAGEMENT | MARCH 2014 icma.org/pm
L ocal governments use a variety of strategies and
techniques to encourage public involvement in
local planning and decision making. The Interna-
tional Association of Public Participation (IAP2)
describes public involvement as occurring at five
levels ranging from informing all the way to empowering.
In this article, we summarize the responses to ICMA’s
2012 State of the Profession Survey, which asked
respondents to rate the importance of achieving the five
levels of involvement in their communities. The levels are
illustrated in a case study of an online public participation
project in Rancho Cordova, California. We conclude with
a list of questions to help local government managers
improve their public participation strategy. >>
The e x T enT
of
Public
ParT iciP a T ion
ICMA survey expL ores pubLIC engA geM ent
A nd the tenor of CIv IC d I s C ourse
By Robert Vogel, Evelina Moulder,
and Mike Huggins
Takeaways
›Learn how local
government
professionals
prioritize different
types of public
participation.
›Learn how Rancho
Cordova, California,
is guiding online
public participation
toward an informed,
constructive dialog.
8 PUBLIC MANAGEMENT | MARCH 2014 icma.org/pm icma.org/pm MARCH 2014 | PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 9
Goals of Public Participation
Previous ICMA surveys examined
how local governments share informa-
tion with residents. The 2012 survey
delved more deeply into the nature and
purposes of local government public
participation efforts.
IAP2 has designed a widely-accepted
Spectrum of Public Participation that
identifies a range of interactions that
a local government can have with its
community. Distinguished by increasing
levels of direct public involvement and
intended outcomes, the IAP2 Spectrum
includes the following five types of goals
that a government can strive for in its
public participation efforts: inform, con-
sult, involve, collaborate, and empower.
A number of the 2012 survey questions
addressed the perceived importance of
these types of public interactions within
the local government profession.
Inform: Eighty-five percent of the
responding local governments report that
it is “important” or “highly important” to
provide the public with objective infor-
mation to assist them in understanding
problems/solutions/alternatives.
Consult: Seventy-five percent
indicate that it is “important” or “highly
important” to work directly with the
public to ensure that their concerns and
aspirations are consistently understood
and considered.
Involve: Some 70 percent report that
it is “important” or “highly important”
to obtain feedback from the public on
analyses of problems, solutions, and
alternatives.
Collaborate: The results show that
57 percent of respondents reported that
it is “important” or “highly important”
to partner with the public in develop-
ment of alternatives, identification of the
preferred solution, and decision making.
Empower: Nineteen percent of re-
spondents indicate that it is “important”
or “highly important” to place decision
making in the hands of the public.
Being clear about the underlying
purpose of the engagement effort as well
as the promise it intends to make to the
public is essential to the success of any
public participation effort. Without objec-
tive information and a clearly understood
purpose, the public cannot provide
meaningful feedback nor can they partner
with the local government in developing
alternatives, identifying solutions, and
making decisions. Unless concerns and
aspirations are understood, problems
cannot be successfully addressed.
Rancho Cordova: A Case Study
When residents of Rancho Cordova,
California (population 67,000), asked
their city council to loosen restrictions
on raising chickens, the council wanted
to first hear from a broad spectrum of
residents. Before finalizing their decision,
councilmembers wanted to encourage
participants to first learn about the issue,
then engage in a nuanced discussion
without polarizing the community for or
against the proposal.
Under the leadership of City Manager
Ted Gaebler, the city decided to use the
Open Town Hall online public engage-
ment service1 to broaden the discussion
beyond the few who typically attend
in-person meetings. To encourage the
public to understand the issues around
this proposed new ordinance, the online
service presented objective background
information before inviting users to
participate in the online discussion.
To ensure that the public's concerns
and aspirations were well understood
and considered, the city created a map
of “Engaged Rancho Cordova Districts,”
enabling decisionmakers and others to
see what residents from each district
were saying. Anyone could click on
the “word cloud” in the online tool to
see statements containing frequently
occurring words (e.g., enforcement) and
on demographic tallies to see trends in
perspectives by age and gender.
Compared with Rancho Cordova’s
traditional face-to-face meetings, par-
ticipation in the online forum was both
large and civil. More than 560 residents
visited the forum, 66 posted or sup-
ported a statement, and 147 subscribed
to updates enabling them to remain
involved after the forum closed. State-
ments were monitored for compliance
with the city's guidelines for civility and
all but one were found in compliance.
Much like a public hearing, each par-
ticipant was allowed to make only one
statement. Monitoring statements and
allowing only one per resident resulted
in a collaborative online forum providing
clear feedback on the proposed ordi-
nance as well as potential improvements
to that ordinance.
After the period for public discussion
had concluded, the council directed
staff to prepare a draft ordinance that
reflected the feedback and addressed
the concerns expressed both on the
forum and in other public venues. This
outcome was also posted on the forum
and e-mailed to forum subscribers to
strengthen the partnership between the
city administration and the public in the
decision-making process.
In line with the preference of most
of the respondents to the ICMA survey,
Rancho Cordova chose not to place deci-
sion making directly in the hands of the
public. The online forum was designed
specifically to preclude the public percep-
tion of a public vote or a referendum.
The city never mentioned the "v
word" (vote), and it chose to collect
open-ended statements from residents
rather than have them respond to a
poll or survey that asked for a yes/no
position on the proposed new ordinance.
The forum can be found at www.
peakdemocracy.com/1379.
Civic Discourse and Extent of
Public Participation
Citing the complexity of issues and
the breadth and depth of knowledge
needed for sound policies, local
government officials often express
reluctance for expanding the public’s
direct role in decision making. Over the
past several years, the often disconcert-
ing tenor of civic discourse has also
contributed to concerns about greater
public participation.
A perception of the public as
increasingly “nasty, brutish, short” and
polarized inevitably raises questions for
local officials about the efficacy of their
collaboration with that public.
Civic discourse. Close to 40 percent
of ICMA survey respondents described
the civic discourse in their community
as “very polarized and strident, often
rude” or “somewhat polarized and
strident, occasionally rude.” Respon-
dents in the New England division show
the highest percentage (45 percent)
reporting civic discourse in their com-
munity as “very polarized and strident,
often rude” or “somewhat polarized
and strident, occasionally rude,” as
did 44 percent of respondents in those
Wh ILe enC ourA g I ng greAter pA rtICIpAt I on by
the pub LIC, L o CAL govern M ents generALLy
stop short of pLACI ng fI n AL deCIs I on MAk I ng
d I reC t Ly I n the hA nds of the pub LIC.
Figure 2. Framing the Online Discussion with an Objective Introduction.Figure 3. Clickable Map of Engaged Rancho Cordova Districts.
Residents were encouraged to read the introduction before participating.Residents and staff could click on the map to review responses by district.
Figure 1. Percent of Respondents Who Considered the Five Goals Important or Very Important.
Source: ICMA State of the Profession 2012 survey.
19%
57%
70%
75%
85%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
e MPoW er collaboraTe involve consulT inforM
8 PUBLIC MANAGEMENT | MARCH 2014 icma.org/pm icma.org/pm MARCH 2014 | PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 9
Goals of Public Participation
Previous ICMA surveys examined
how local governments share informa-
tion with residents. The 2012 survey
delved more deeply into the nature and
purposes of local government public
participation efforts.
IAP2 has designed a widely-accepted
Spectrum of Public Participation that
identifies a range of interactions that
a local government can have with its
community. Distinguished by increasing
levels of direct public involvement and
intended outcomes, the IAP2 Spectrum
includes the following five types of goals
that a government can strive for in its
public participation efforts: inform, con-
sult, involve, collaborate, and empower.
A number of the 2012 survey questions
addressed the perceived importance of
these types of public interactions within
the local government profession.
Inform: Eighty-five percent of the
responding local governments report that
it is “important” or “highly important” to
provide the public with objective infor-
mation to assist them in understanding
problems/solutions/alternatives.
Consult: Seventy-five percent
indicate that it is “important” or “highly
important” to work directly with the
public to ensure that their concerns and
aspirations are consistently understood
and considered.
Involve: Some 70 percent report that
it is “important” or “highly important”
to obtain feedback from the public on
analyses of problems, solutions, and
alternatives.
Collaborate: The results show that
57 percent of respondents reported that
it is “important” or “highly important”
to partner with the public in develop-
ment of alternatives, identification of the
preferred solution, and decision making.
Empower: Nineteen percent of re-
spondents indicate that it is “important”
or “highly important” to place decision
making in the hands of the public.
Being clear about the underlying
purpose of the engagement effort as well
as the promise it intends to make to the
public is essential to the success of any
public participation effort. Without objec-
tive information and a clearly understood
purpose, the public cannot provide
meaningful feedback nor can they partner
with the local government in developing
alternatives, identifying solutions, and
making decisions. Unless concerns and
aspirations are understood, problems
cannot be successfully addressed.
Rancho Cordova: A Case Study
When residents of Rancho Cordova,
California (population 67,000), asked
their city council to loosen restrictions
on raising chickens, the council wanted
to first hear from a broad spectrum of
residents. Before finalizing their decision,
councilmembers wanted to encourage
participants to first learn about the issue,
then engage in a nuanced discussion
without polarizing the community for or
against the proposal.
Under the leadership of City Manager
Ted Gaebler, the city decided to use the
Open Town Hall online public engage-
ment service1 to broaden the discussion
beyond the few who typically attend
in-person meetings. To encourage the
public to understand the issues around
this proposed new ordinance, the online
service presented objective background
information before inviting users to
participate in the online discussion.
To ensure that the public's concerns
and aspirations were well understood
and considered, the city created a map
of “Engaged Rancho Cordova Districts,”
enabling decisionmakers and others to
see what residents from each district
were saying. Anyone could click on
the “word cloud” in the online tool to
see statements containing frequently
occurring words (e.g., enforcement) and
on demographic tallies to see trends in
perspectives by age and gender.
Compared with Rancho Cordova’s
traditional face-to-face meetings, par-
ticipation in the online forum was both
large and civil. More than 560 residents
visited the forum, 66 posted or sup-
ported a statement, and 147 subscribed
to updates enabling them to remain
involved after the forum closed. State-
ments were monitored for compliance
with the city's guidelines for civility and
all but one were found in compliance.
Much like a public hearing, each par-
ticipant was allowed to make only one
statement. Monitoring statements and
allowing only one per resident resulted
in a collaborative online forum providing
clear feedback on the proposed ordi-
nance as well as potential improvements
to that ordinance.
After the period for public discussion
had concluded, the council directed
staff to prepare a draft ordinance that
reflected the feedback and addressed
the concerns expressed both on the
forum and in other public venues. This
outcome was also posted on the forum
and e-mailed to forum subscribers to
strengthen the partnership between the
city administration and the public in the
decision-making process.
In line with the preference of most
of the respondents to the ICMA survey,
Rancho Cordova chose not to place deci-
sion making directly in the hands of the
public. The online forum was designed
specifically to preclude the public percep-
tion of a public vote or a referendum.
The city never mentioned the "v
word" (vote), and it chose to collect
open-ended statements from residents
rather than have them respond to a
poll or survey that asked for a yes/no
position on the proposed new ordinance.
The forum can be found at www.
peakdemocracy.com/1379.
Civic Discourse and Extent of
Public Participation
Citing the complexity of issues and
the breadth and depth of knowledge
needed for sound policies, local
government officials often express
reluctance for expanding the public’s
direct role in decision making. Over the
past several years, the often disconcert-
ing tenor of civic discourse has also
contributed to concerns about greater
public participation.
A perception of the public as
increasingly “nasty, brutish, short” and
polarized inevitably raises questions for
local officials about the efficacy of their
collaboration with that public.
Civic discourse. Close to 40 percent
of ICMA survey respondents described
the civic discourse in their community
as “very polarized and strident, often
rude” or “somewhat polarized and
strident, occasionally rude.” Respon-
dents in the New England division show
the highest percentage (45 percent)
reporting civic discourse in their com-
munity as “very polarized and strident,
often rude” or “somewhat polarized
and strident, occasionally rude,” as
did 44 percent of respondents in those
WhILe enCourAgIng greAter pArtICIpAtIon by
the pubLIC, LoCAL governMents generALLy
stop short of pLACIng fInAL deCIsIon MAkIng
dIreCtLy In the hAnds of the pubLIC.
Figure 2. Framing the Online Discussion with an Objective Introduction.Figure 3. Clickable Map of Engaged Rancho Cordova Districts.
Residents were encouraged to read the introduction before participating.Residents and staff could click on the map to review responses by district.
Figure 1. Percent of Respondents Who Considered the Five Goals Important or Very Important.
Source: ICMA State of the Profession 2012 survey.
19%
57%
70%
75%
85%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
eMPoWer collaboraTe involve consulT inforM
10 PUBLIC MANAGEMENT | MARCH 2014 icma.org/pm icma.org/pm MARCH 2014 | PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 11
communities with the town meeting
form of government. The 2013 Weber
Shandwick and Powell Tate survey Civil-
ity in America,2 which was conducted
nationally online, found 71 percent
of respondents believed the lack of
civility in the United States was worse
than several years ago, and 82 percent
believed the general lack of civility in
politics is harming the country.
Slightly more than 50 percent of re-
spondents with council/administrator/
manager and council elected executive
also described civic discourse as “very
polarized and strident, often rude” or
“somewhat polarized and strident, occa-
sionally rude.” Of particular interest is
that out of the 777 survey respondents
overall who reported that civic dis-
course is “very polarized and strident,
often rude” or “somewhat polarized
and strident, occasionally rude,” 399
also indicated that partnering with the
public in development of alternatives,
identification of preferred solutions,
and decision making is “important” or
highly important.”
If we look at the same group of
respondents, we also see that 127 of
them reported that it is “important”
or “highly important” to put decision
making in the hands of the public.
Not surprisingly, when these 127 are
examined by form of government,
the town meeting and representative
town meeting governments represent,
respectively, 19 percent and 20 percent
of the total respondents.
These are by far the highest percent-
ages of respondents by form of govern-
ment that rated putting decision making
in the hands of the public as “important”
or “highly important” and rated civic dis-
course as “very polarized and strident,
often rude” or “somewhat polarized and
strident, occasionally rude.”
Level of resident participation.
When asked about the level of resident
participation, only 12 percent of
respondents indicated that there is
a high level of participation in their
local government’s engagement efforts.
A majority of local governments in
communities under 10,000 population
show low participation levels. Pacific
Coast respondents show the highest
percentage—19 percent—reporting a
high level of participation.
Outcome
Local governments are encouraging the
public to participate in the identifica-
tion of problems and their solutions, to
share their concerns and aspirations,
and to provide feedback and develop
alternatives as part of the decision-
making process. The outcome is
optimized when local managers first ask
themselves these six questions:
• What is the readiness and capacity
of my organization for public
engagement?
• Why am I involving the residents?
• What do I want to achieve?
• What do I want to know?
• What is the role of the public?
• How is that role communicated to
the public in face-to-face and
online interactions?
Answers to these questions3 enable
local governments to constructively
engage the public in both face-to-face
meetings and online public participa-
tion methods. Through careful design
and monitoring of online forums,
localities can significantly improve the
effectiveness of public participation by
expanding the number of people
participating, restoring the civility of
their participation, and ensuring clarity
about the role of the public in final
decision making.
EndnotEs
1 PeakDemocracy.com.
2 www.webershandwick.com/uploads/news/files/
Civility_in_America_2013_Exec_Summary.pdf.
Page 12.
3 Two excellent tools managers should use in
their planning are the IAP2 Public Participation
Spectrum (http://www.iap2.org/associations/4748/
files/spectrum.pdf) and the Center for Management
Strategies Assessment Tool for Civic Engagement
Practices (http://icma.org/en/results/management_
strategies/leading_practices/civic_engagement).
Offered by: Cigna Health and Life Insurance Company, Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, or their affiliates. Offered by: Cigna Health and Life Insurance Company, Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, or their affiliates.
869437_ICMA_Firefighters_Govt_outlines-v1.indd 1 8/21/13 10:45 AM
RoBERt
Vog E l is
CEO, Peak
Democracy,
Berkeley,
California, a provider of online civic engagement
services for the ICMA Center for Management
Strategies (robert@peakdemocracy.com; icma.
org/strategies). EVElina MouldER is director,
survey research, ICMA, Washington, D.C.
(emoulder@icma.org). MikE Huggins,
ICMA-CM, a former city manager, is principal,
Civic Praxis, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, and civic
engagement service provider, ICMA Center for
Management Strategies (mike@civicpraxis.com;
icma.org/strategies).
Figure 2. Percent of Respondents Who Described Civic Discourse in Their Community.
19%
53%
32%
6%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
very P oliTe and ToleranT of differenT oP inions
Generally P oliTe and ToleranT of differenT oP inions
soMeW haT Polarized and sTridenT, occasionally rude
very P olarized and sTridenT, ofTen rude